Hallmarks of Aging

A seminal Cell paper ² published in January 2023 increased the hallmarks of aging from 9 to 12. Recently, 4 putative hallmarks have been identified – which will require additional scientific validation.

Genomic Instability

Increased propensity for DNA errors, mutations and damage

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Telomere Attrition

Gradual shortening of the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes

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Epigenetic Alterations

Changes in the instructions that signal genes when to turn on or off

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Loss of Proteostasis

Protein misfolding, damage, breakdown and recycling problems

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Disabled Macroautophagy

Diminished clean up and recycling of damaged or excess cell components

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Deregulated Nutrient-Sensing

Imbalanced nutrient processing, causing metabolic issues or obesity

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Decline in the efficiency and reliability of cellular power generators

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Cellular Senesence

Inactive, non-dividing cells, causing inflammation and harm to healthy cells

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Stem Cell Exhaustion

Slower tissue repair, reduced regeneration and vulnerability due to less efficient stem cells

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Intercellular Communication

Inefficient or disrupted cellular communication, with healing or disease defense impact

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Chromic Inflammation

Persistent, harmful activation of the immune response, impacting aging and diseases

Dysbiosis (Dysbacteriosis)

Gut microbiome imbalance, leading to gastrointestinal issues and chronic diseases

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